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#389028 10/02/10 11:48 AM
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Inside the Minds of Animals

Kanzi, a 29 year old male bonobo photographed at the Great Ape Trust in Des Moines, Iowa

Not long ago, I spent the morning having coffee with Kanzi. It wasn't my idea; Kanzi invited me, though he did so in his customary clipped way. Kanzi is a fellow of few words — 384 of them by formal count, though he probably knows dozens more. He has a perfectly serviceable voice — very clear, very expressive and very, very loud. But it's not especially good for forming words, which is the way of things when you're a bonobo, the close and more peaceable cousin of the chimpanzee.

But Kanzi is talkative all the same. For much of his day, he keeps a sort of glossary close at hand — three laminated, place mat — like sheets filled with hundreds of colorful symbols that represent all the words he's been taught by his minders or picked up on his own. He can build thoughts and sentences, even conjugate, all by pointing. The sheets include not just easy nouns and verbs like ball and Jell-O and run and tickle but also concept words like from and later and grammatical elements like the -ing and -ed endings signifying tense.

Kanzi knows the value of breaking the ice before getting down to business. So he points to the coffee icon on his glossary and then points to me. He then sweeps his arm wider, taking in primatologist Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, an investigator at the Great Ape Trust — the research center in Des Moines, Iowa, that Kanzi calls home — and lab supervisor Tyler Romine. Romine fetches four coffees — hot, but not too hot — takes one to Kanzi in his patio enclosure on the other side of a Plexiglas window and then rejoins us. Kanzi sips — gulps, actually — and since our voices are picked up by microphones, he listens as we talk. (See pictures of smart animals.)

"We told him that a visitor was coming," Savage-Rumbaugh tells me. "He's been excited, but he was stubborn this morning, and we couldn't get him to come out to the yard. So we had to negotiate a piece of honeydew melon in exchange." Honeydew is not yet on Kanzi's word list; instead, he points to the glyphs for green, yellow and watermelon. When he tried kale, he named it "slow lettuce" because it takes longer to chew than regular lettuce.

The not-for-profit Great Ape Trust is home to seven bonobos, including Kanzi's baby son Teco, born this year on June 1. Kanzi is by no means the first ape to have been taught language. The famous Koko, Washoe and others came before him. But the Trust takes a novel approach, raising apes from birth with spoken and symbolic language as a constant feature of their days. Just as human mothers take babies on walks and chatter to them about what they see even though the child does yet not understand, so too do the scientists at the Trust narrate the lives of their bonobos. With the help of such total immersion, the apes are learning to communicate better, faster and with greater complexity. (See pictures of animals in Kenya.)

All the same, today Kanzi is not interested in saying much, preferring to run and leap and display his physical prowess instead. "Ball," he taps on one of his glossary sheets when he finishes his coffee.

"Tell him you'll get it for him," Savage-Rumbaugh instructs me and then shows me where the necessary symbols are on a sheet I have in hand. "Yes-I-will-chase-the-ball-for-you," I slowly peck out, chase being a word Kanzi uses interchangeably with get.

It takes me a while to find the ball in an office down the hall, and when I finally return, Savage-Rumbaugh verbally asks Kanzi, "Are you ready to play?" He looks at us balefully. "Past ready," he pecks. (See pictures of moms in the animal kingdom.)

Humans have a fraught relationship with beasts. They are our companions and our chattel, our family members and our laborers, our household pets and our household pests. We love them and cage them, admire them and abuse them. And, of course, we cook and eat them.

Our dodge — a not unreasonable one — has always been that animals are ours to do with as we please simply because they don't suffer the way we do. They don't think, not in any meaningful way. They don't worry. They have no sense of the future or their own mortality. They may pair-bond, but they don't love. For all we know, they may not even be conscious. "The reason animals do not speak as we do is not that they lack the organs," René Descartes once said, "but that they have no thoughts." For many people, the Bible offers the most powerful argument of all. Human beings were granted "dominion over the beasts of the field," and there the discussion can more or less stop.

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But one by one, the berms we've built between ourselves and the beasts are being washed away. Humans are the only animals that use tools, we used to say. But what about the birds and apes that we now know do as well? Humans are the only ones who are empathic and generous, then. But what about the monkeys that practice charity and the elephants that mourn their dead? Humans are the only ones who experience joy and a knowledge of the future. But what about the U.K. study just last month showing that pigs raised in comfortable environments exhibit optimism, moving expectantly toward a new sound instead of retreating warily from it? And as for humans as the only beasts with language? Kanzi himself could tell you that's not true.

All of that is forcing us to look at animals in a new way. With his 1975 book Animal Liberation, bioethicist Peter Singer of Princeton University launched what became known as the animal-rights movement. The ability to suffer, he argued, is a great cross-species leveler, and we should not inflict pain on or cause fear in an animal that we wouldn't want to experience ourselves. This idea has never met with universal agreement, but new studies are giving it more legitimacy than ever. It's not enough to study an animal's brain, scientists now say; we need to know its mind. (See pictures of animal soccer.)

Conscious Critters
There are a lot of obstacles in the way of our understanding animal intelligence — not the least being that we can't even agree whether nonhuman species are conscious. We accept that chimps and dolphins experience awareness; we like to think dogs and cats do. But what about mice and newts? What about a fly? Is anything going on there at all? A tiny brain in a simple animal has enough to do just controlling basic bodily functions. Why waste synapses on consciousness if the system can run on autopilot?

There's more than species chauvinism in that question. "Below a certain threshold, it's quite possible there's no subjective experience," says cognitive psychologist Dedre Gentner of Northwestern University. "I don't know that you need to ascribe anything more to the behavior of a cockroach than a set of local reflexes that make it run away from bad things and toward good things."

Where that line should be drawn is impossible to say, since our judgment is clouded by our feelings about any given species. A cockroach likely has no less brainpower than a butterfly, but we're quicker to deny it consciousness because it's a species we dislike. Still, most scientists agree that awareness is probably controlled by a sort of cognitive rheostat, with consciousness burning brightest in humans and other high animals and fading to a flicker — and finally blackness — in very low ones.

"It would be perverse to deny consciousness to mammals," says Steven Pinker, a Harvard psychologist and the author of The Stuff of Thought. "Birds and other vertebrates are almost certainly conscious too. When it gets down to oysters and spiders, we're on shakier ground." (See what's killing animals in Ukraine's zoos.)

Among animals aware of their existence, intellect falls on a sliding scale as well, one often seen as a function of brain size. Here humans like to think they're kings. The human brain is a big one — about 1,400 g (3 lb.). But the dolphin brain weighs up to 1,700 g (3.75 lb.), and the killer whale carries a monster-size 5,600-g (12.3 lb.) brain. But we're smaller than the dolphin and much smaller than the whale, so correcting for body size, we're back in first, right? Nope. The brain of the Etruscan shrew weighs just 0.1 g (0.0035 oz.), yet relative to its tiny body, its brain is bigger than ours.

While the size of the brain certainly has some relation to smarts, much more can be learned from its structure. Higher thinking takes place in the cerebral cortex, the most evolved region of the brain and one many animals lack. Mammals are members of the cerebral-cortex club, and as a rule, the bigger and more complex that brain region is, the more intelligent the animal. But it's not the only route to creative thinking. Consider tool use. Humans are magicians with tools, apes dabble in them, and otters have mastered the task of smashing mollusks with rocks to get the meat inside — which, though primitive, counts. But if creativity lives in the cerebral cortex, why are corvids, the class of birds that includes crows and jays, better tool users than nearly all nonhuman species?

See a video on how animals learn language.

Crows, for example, have proved themselves adept at bending wire to create a hook so they can fish a basket of food from the bottom of a plastic tube. More remarkably, last year a zoologist at the University of Cambridge — the aptly named Christopher Bird — found that the rook, a member of the crow family, could reason through how to drop stones into a pitcher partly filled with water in order to raise the level high enough to drink from it. What's more, the rooks selected the largest stones first, apparently realizing they would raise the level faster. Aesop wrote a tale about a bird that managed just such a task more than 2,500 years ago, but it took 21st century scientists to show that the feat is no fable.

How the birds performed such a stunt without a cerebral cortex probably has something to do with a brain region they do share with mammals: the basal ganglia, more primitive structures involved in learning. Mammalian basal ganglia are made up of a number of structures, while those in birds are streamlined down to one. Earlier this year, a collaborative team at MIT and Hebrew University of Jerusalem found that while the specialized cells in each section of mammalian basal ganglia do equally specialized work, the undifferentiated ones in birds' brains multitask, doing all those jobs at once. The result is the same — information is processed — but birds do it more efficiently. (See a video on extinction in Madagascar)

In the case of corvids and other animals, what may drive intelligence higher still is the structure not of their brains but of their societies. It's easier to be a solitary animal than a social one. When you hunt and eat alone, like the polar bear, you don't have to negotiate power struggles or collaborate in stalking prey. But it's in that behavior — particularly the hunt — that animals behave most cleverly.

Consider the king of the beasts. "Lions do very cool things," says animal biologist Christine Drea of Duke University. "One animal positions itself for the ambush, and another pushes the prey in that direction." More impressive still is the unglamorous hyena. "A hyena by itself can take out a wildebeest, but it takes several to bring down a zebra," she says. "So they plan the size of their party in advance and then go out hunting particular prey. In effect, they say, Let's go get some zebras. They'll even bypass a wildebeest if they see one on the way." (See a video on barnyard animals in backyards.)

Last year, Drea conducted a study of hyena cooperation, releasing pairs of them into a pen in which a pair of ropes dangled from an overhead platform. If the animals pulled the ropes in unison — and only in unison — the platform would spill out food. "The first pair walked into the pen and figured it out in less than two minutes," Drea says. "My jaw literally dropped."

For these kinds of animals, it's not clear what the cause-and-effect relationship is — whether living cooperatively boosts intelligence or if innate intelligence makes it easier to live cooperatively. It's certainly significant that corvids are the most social of birds, with long lives and stable group bonds, and that they're the ones that have proved so handy. It's also significant that herd animals, like cows and buffalo, exhibit little intelligence. Though they live collectively, there's little shape to their society. "In a buffalo herd, Bob doesn't care who Betty is," Drea says. "But among primates, social carnivores, whales and dolphins, every individual has a particular place." (See pictures of 10 species near extinction.)

Self and Other
It's easy enough to study the brain and behavior of an animal, but subtler cognitive abilities are harder to map. One of the most important skills human children must learn is something called the theory of mind: the idea that not all knowledge is universal knowledge. A toddler who watches a babysitter hide a toy in a room will assume that anyone who walks in afterward knows where the toy is too. It's not until about age 3 that kids realize that just because they know something, it doesn't mean somebody else knows it also.

The theory of mind is central to communication and self-awareness, and it's the rare animal that exhibits it, though some do. Dogs understand innately what pointing means: that someone has information to share and that your attention is being drawn to it so that you can learn too. That seems simple, but only because we're born with the ability and, by the way, have fingers with which to do the pointing.

See a video of how birds use tools.

Great apes, despite their impressive intellect and five-fingered hands, do not seem to come factory-loaded for pointing. But they may just lack the opportunity to practice it. A baby ape rarely lets go of its mother, clinging to her abdomen as she knuckle-walks from place to place. But Kanzi, who was raised in captivity, was often carried in human arms, and that left his hands free for communication.

"By the time Kanzi was 9 months old, he was already pointing at things," says Savage-Rumbaugh. I witnessed him do it in Iowa, not only when he pointed at me to invite me for coffee but also when he swept his hand toward the hallway in a be-quick-about-it gesture as I went to get him his ball. (See pictures from a wildlife forensics lab.)

Pointing isn't the only indicator of a smart species that grasps the theory of mind. Blue jays — another corvid — cache food for later retrieval and are very mindful of whether other animals are around to witness where they've hidden a stash. If the jays have indeed been watched, they'll wait until the other animal leaves and then move the food. They not only understand that another creature has a mind; they also manipulate what's inside it.

The gold standard for demonstrating an understanding of the self-other distinction is the mirror test: whether an animal can see its reflection and recognize what it is. It may be adorable when a kitten sees itself in a full-length mirror and runs around to the other side of the door looking for what it thought was a playmate, but it's not head-of-the-class stuff. Elephants, apes and dolphins are among the few creatures that can pass the mirror test. All three respond appropriately when they look in a mirror after a spot of paint is applied to their forehead or another part of their body. Apes and elephants will reach up to touch the mark with finger or trunk rather than reach out to touch the reflection. Dolphins will position themselves so they can see the reflection of the mark better. (See up-close pictures of sharks.)

"If you put a bracelet on an orangutan and put it in front of a mirror, it doesn't just look at the bracelet," says Bhagavan Antle, director of the Institute of Greatly Endangered and Rare Species in Myrtle Beach, S.C. "It puts the bracelet up to its face and shakes it. It interacts with its reflection."

With or without mirror smarts, some animals are also adept at grasping abstractions, particularly the ideas of sameness and difference. Small children know that a picture of two apples is different from a picture of a pear and a banana; in one case, the objects match, and in the other they don't. It's harder for them to take the next step — correctly matching a picture of two apples to a picture of two bananas instead of to a picture of an orange and a plum.

"It's called relations between relations, and it's a basic scaffold of intelligence," says psychologist Ed Wasserman of the University of Iowa. Last year Wasserman conducted a study that proved some animals have begun building that scaffold. In his research, baboons and — surprisingly — pigeons got the relations-between-relations idea, correctly identifying the proper pairings with a peck or a joystick when images were flashed on a screen. (See the top 10 animal attacks on humans.)

Significantly, just as humans better understand an idea when they have a term to describe it (imagine explaining, say, satisfaction if the word didn't exist), so do animals benefit from such labels. Psychologist David Premack of the University of Pennsylvania found that when chimps were taught symbols for same and different, they later performed better on analogy tests.

Beyond Smarts
If animals can reason — even if it's in a way we'd consider crude — the unavoidable question becomes, Can they feel? Do they experience empathy or compassion? Can they love or care or hope or grieve? And what does it say about how we treat them? For science, it would be safest simply to walk away from a question so booby-trapped with imponderables. But science can't help itself, and at least some investigators are exploring these ideas too.

It's well established that elephants appear to mourn their dead, lingering over a herd mate's body with what looks like sorrow. They show similar interest — even what appears to be respect — when they encounter elephant bones, gently examining them, paying special attention to the skull and tusks. Apes also remain close to a dead troop mate for days.

See the top 10 animal stories of 2009.

Empathy for living members of the same species is not unheard of either. "When rats are in pain and wriggling, other rats that are watching will wriggle in parallel," says Marc Hauser, professor of psychology and anthropological biology at Harvard. "You don't need neurobiology to tell you that suggests awareness." A 2008 study by primatologist Frans de Waal and others at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Atlanta showed that when capuchin monkeys were offered a choice between two tokens — one that would buy two slices of apple and one that would buy one slice each for them and a partner monkey — they chose the generous option, provided the partner was a relative or at least familiar. The Yerkes team believes that part of the capuchins' behavior was due to a simple sense of pleasure they experience in giving, an idea consistent with studies of the human brain that reveal activity in the reward centers after subjects give to charity.

Animal-liberationist Singer believes that such evidence of noble impulses among animals is a perfectly fine argument in defense of their right to live dignified lives, but it's not a necessary one. Indeed, one of his central premises is that to the extent that humans and animals can experience their worlds, they are equals. "Similar amounts of pain are equally bad," he says, "whether felt by a human or a mouse." (See pictures of animals in space.)

Hauser takes a more nuanced view, arguing that people are possessed of what he calls humaniqueness, a suite of cognitive skills including the ability to recombine information to gain new understanding, a talent animals simply don't have. All creatures may exist on a developmental continuum, he argues, but the gap between us and the second-place finishers is so big that it shows we truly are something special. "Animals have a myopic intelligence," Hauser says. "But they never experience the aha moment that a 2-year-old child gets."

No matter what any one scientist thinks of animal cognition, nearly all agree that the way we treat domesticated animals is indefensible — though in certain parts of the world, improvements are being made. The European Union's official animal-welfare policies begin with the premise that animals are sentient beings and must be treated accordingly. This includes humane conditions on farms and in vehicles during transport and proper stunning before killing in slaughterhouses. (See illustrations of animals wildly in love.)

In the U.S., food animals are overwhelmingly raised on factory farms, where cattle and pigs are jammed together by the thousands and chickens are confined in cages that barely allow them to stand. But here too, public sentiment is changing. Roughly half of vegetarians list moral concerns as the chief reason for giving up meat. Still, vegetarians as a whole make up only about 3% of the U.S. population, a figure that has barely budged since before the days of Singer's manifesto. And there are three times as many ex-vegetarians as practicing ones.

Even Singer doesn't believe we're likely to wake up in a vegan world anytime soon. For that matter, he doesn't think it's morally necessary. Eating meat to avoid starvation is all right, he believes, and some creatures are fair game all the time, provided they're grown sustainably. "I think there's very little likelihood that oysters, mussels and clams have any consciousness, so it's defensible to eat them," he says. (See "Sit. Stay. Trust. Learn.")

What's more, we're not going to quit using animals in other ways that benefit humans either — testing drugs, for example. But we could surely stop using them to test cosmetics, a practice the E.U. is also moving to ban. We could surely eat less meat and treat animals better before we convert them from creature to dinner. And we could rethink zoos, marine parks and other forms of animal entertainment.

Ultimately, the same biological knob that adjusts animal consciousness up or down ought to govern how we value the way those species experience their lives. A mere ape in our world may be a scholar in its own, and the low life of any beast may be a source of deep satisfaction for the beast itself. Kanzi's glossary is full of words like noodles and sugar and candy and night, but scattered among them are also good and happy and be and tomorrow. If it's true that all those words have meaning to him, then the life he lives — and by extension, those of other animals — may be rich and worthy ones indeed.

http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,2008759,00.html

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Interesting article
Kluger writes well but is a writer not really a zoologist.
I think this differentiation of human and animal is erroneous and that put a extremely different perspective on comparing behavior of animals to humans if human is animal.
Try wrapping your head around this concept, be careful it will eat at you basic beliefs of what you think you are,...We are disposable biological machines created by our genes for the purpose of keeping the gene immortal, the bio unit is given two directives, Reproduce and Survive,. bare in mind i'm giving the gene consciousness which it hasn't but for the sake of analogy (and limited post space)lets say Natural Selection has a conscious and direction.
The gene uses us as a vehicle to keep itself immortal and after we have reproduced the gene we are designed to become senile and die in order provide room in the economy of nature for more bio units to survive long enough to reproduce the gene so it remains immortal.
I said 'design' and again gene has no conscious so its designing is natural selection.
This Bonobo is unfairly compaired to human. we share the same
gene the difference is modified design to survive. It also is a disposal bio machine designed by the same family of genes to keep the gene immortal. so were comparing what?..a modification humans have made to survive and reproduce their branch of the gene with modifications the Bonboo has made to keep his branch of the family alive long enough to reproduce the gene so that it remains immortal.
Our egos are at play in that we think we are better ...the only real difference.


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Oh i just noticed my Avatar, that's funny isn't it.


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Originally Posted by elbert
Interesting article
Kluger writes well but is a writer not really a zoologist.
I think this differentiation of human and animal is erroneous and that put a extremely different perspective on comparing behavior of animals to humans if human is animal.
Try wrapping your head around this concept, be careful it will eat at you basic beliefs of what you think you are,...We are disposable biological machines created by our genes for the purpose of keeping the gene immortal, the bio unit is given two directives, Reproduce and Survive,. bare in mind i'm giving the gene consciousness which it hasn't but for the sake of analogy (and limited post space)lets say Natural Selection has a conscious and direction.
The gene uses us as a vehicle to keep itself immortal and after we have reproduced the gene we are designed to become senile and die in order provide room in the economy of nature for more bio units to survive long enough to reproduce the gene so it remains immortal.
I said 'design' and again gene has no conscious so its designing is natural selection.
This Bonobo is unfairly compaired to human. we share the same
gene the difference is modified design to survive. It also is a disposal bio machine designed by the same family of genes to keep the gene immortal. so were comparing what?..a modification humans have made to survive and reproduce their branch of the gene with modifications the Bonboo has made to keep his branch of the family alive long enough to reproduce the gene so that it remains immortal.
Our egos are at play in that we think we are better ...the only real difference.

Surely you dont believe thats all there is to it? We dont have to talk to reproduce, pointing seems to work sometimes. Do you believe in any form of life after death or reincarnation? If so there is more than genetics and survival mechanisms.

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Mike,
Have you never sweet talked your way into a chance at reproducing :-)If your good at that then your ability to sweet talk a female is reinforced by natural selection and the guy who looses is likewise negatively effected.
I'm saying everything boils down to reproduce and survive, and survive may just be considered to serve reproducing. Some creatures die almost immediately after sex. Preying mantis female eats the head off the male even before he's finished knowing it wont stop him. No fairy tales here, life after death would be if you consider fertilizer life, then yes. A guy looking like Charlton Heston with a long white beard, in the sky waiting for you , No.
We (all of biodiversity) are created by our genes for our genes purposes and when were finished passing on the immortal gene we are disposable.
Evolution started in the primordial soup with a collection of molecules and some how, unknown to me,one replicated. If you want to say an intelligent designer set the replicator-molecules in motion I don't have an argument for that.
My point was that all of life (plants and animals) are the same source, family, sharing the same genes that sprung from that soup. We (Homo sapiens) effected by our over developed brain and its ego makes us think were different or special and were not.
Imagine a gene pool or apes that had one guy that might have sweet/cunning ways to lure female into sex. He succeeded in passing a trait and that offspring contributed also to the pool until the pool is now a bunch of cunning planners that succeed with brain tricks instead of the traditional, now different but not better than its cousins outside the gene pool.
IMHO Poor old Bonobo is treated like a freak show when we are the genes that have the bio-units with problem egos.


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Most important is what we agree on. We are no better than any other animal and should treat all with the same respect. Charlton Heston or fertilizer? Are you sure thats the only choices? What about door #3 ?

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Have you seen any episode of "Man-Woman-Wild?" I like how he thanks the animal for norishing his body before he kills it to eat it.
No one is born better than anyone else - what we do or don't do makes us better or lesser.

Last edited by ScubaLdy; 10/03/10 11:55 PM.

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Originally Posted by Mike Campbell
Most important is what we agree on. We are no better than any other animal and should treat all with the same respect. Charlton Heston or fertilizer? Are you sure thats the only choices? What about door #3 ?

Its 'Chaos or Intelligent Design' no door # 3.


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Sorry Elbert but I think there is much more. Do you have a soul? Not meant facetiously just a legitimate question. There IS door #3, 4,5,6, 7 etc. Maybe you have not found that yet. Chaos theory allows for that, only organized religion does not. Do you deny parallel universes? Why are you here? Only to sweet talk for procreative reasons? No pleasure? No higher good? No personal responsibility for actions? Black and white does not work for me.

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Thats pretty personal, but since you've asked...
If you hear voices talking to you, always following and telling you to do things your a Delusional Paranoid Schizophrenic but if you call the voices God your and Evangelist and people will be emailing you money. I don't do religion.I'm not superstitious and don't believe in fairy tales or parallel universes.
However the AA philosophy I subscribe to doesn't allow not believing in a higher power. It can be what ever I chose. Its behind door # 2.


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