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Luiz Rocha, the curator of ichthyology at the California Academy of Sciences, writes from Belize, where he conducts research on one of the world's most endangered fish.

There's a lion on the loose, and it's hunting endangered prey. I'm on my way to Belize to see what I can do about it.


The location of the Smithsonian's Carrie Bow Key field station, which will be the author's base of operations.

Belize is home to a portion of the largest barrier reef in the Caribbean, the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. Hundreds of species of fish inhabit this diverse coral reef system, many of them unique to the region. This week I will conduct field work there, joining forces with a team from the Smithsonian Institution led by fish curator Carole Baldwin.


Our team will look specifically at the population status and habitat conditions of the social wrasse, Halichoeres socialis.

But why pick this one species from the hundreds to be found there? The social wrasse is currently listed as "critically endangered" (the highest threat category) in the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. There are two reasons the social wrasse is listed as critically endangered: it has a very small geographical range, and the quality of its habitat has continued to decline in the face of accelerated coastal development.


The critically endangered social wrasse (Halichoeres socialis).

Now a new threat looms, the invasive lionfish. This voracious predator is native to the Indo-Pacific, but during the mid to late 1990s the first lionfish were spotted in Florida.

There is no way to know with certainty how the invasion started, but it seems that some individuals were released by humans, either on purpose or by accident. (The lionfish is very common in home aquariums.) They have been spreading through the Caribbean since then. Recent reports indicate that the lionfish is now very common in Belizean reefs, and the social wrasse's small size makes it part of the lionfish's menu - a single lonfish can consume dozens of juvenile social wrasses every day.


The invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans) in its native habitat in the Philippines.

While the immediate consequences of the extinction of the social wrasse might not seem important for many, such consequences may start a chain of events that would negatively influence its entire habitat. Most reef inhabitants feed on animals and plants found on the reef itself. But the social wrasse feeds on plankton that comes from the open ocean, and thus serves as a nutrient source for the reef itself, transferring resources from the open ocean to the reef. Removing the social wrasse can have severe impacts on the local ecosystem's health. And what is happening now on a small scale in Belize might be a predictor of what could happen in other areas of the Caribbean in the future.

Our mission is simple in scope: evaluate the status of both the habitat and the population health of the social wrasse. This means conducting underwater surveys and checking the surrounding islands for deforestation to establish the state of habitat degradation in the area. We will also collect lionfish to determine if the social wrasse is already part of their diets. We plan to share all of our findings with local environmental organizations (both governmental and not) and hopefully gather support to better protect what might be the world's most threatened marine fish.

NY Times


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Belize Needs You To Speargun Poisonous Lionfish In The Face

The good people at Hatchet Caye Resort in Belize are fed up with the Lionfish -- the population is exploding, it's not even indigenous to their waters, they're eating up all the much prettier fish, and they're basically ruining EVERYTHING. So they're asking for your help to keep the species under control. Your mission: Jump on a plane down, grab a speargun and guide, scuba over to where those aquatic assholes are lurking, and pump a blade into their faces.

This is Hatchet Caye, the tropical, Richard Branson-esque private island where you'll greet your fellow hunters and sleep BEFORE you're with the fishes.

One more island shot, just so you realize how ridiculously gorgeous this joint is.

More from Thrillist: Ride All The Climbs Of The 2013 Tour De France

Oceanfront cabanas will be your vacation dormitory, even though this will be thousands of miles from anything like Spring Break.

The mighty whale shark: just one of the many native species NOT DOING ITS JOB.

You also don't want to spear this local loggerhead turtle, partly because it's adorable but mostly because it's illegal.

Here he is. Indigenous to the Pacific, this species has overrun the Atlantic due to voracious eating and rabbit-like mating habits. More than likely, it made its way over due to some irresponsible Floridian aquarium owner, which is speculation, but is also probably true because Florida is the worst.

Zapped. Now that you've hooked that poisonous peacock, keep him as far from your body as possible, considering their venomous spines have been known to cause paralysis of the limbs, heart failure, and even death.

Wait, and now you're eating him? Yes, you'll take that carpetbagger back to the aptly-named Lionfish Bar & Grill, where they will clean and prepare him before, once again, you take a blade to his face.

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Isn't this the Caye that Norwegian wants to put in a dock? How cute and lovely will this place be after that?


A fish and a bird can fall in love, but where will they build their nest?

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7 Interesting Facts About Invasive Lionfish You Might Not Know

1. Where do the names "Pterios volitans" and "Pterois miles" come from? Are lionfish known by other names?

Pterois volitans, which makes up approximately 93% of the invasive lionfish population, is also commonly called "red lionfish" and Pterois miles is often called the "common lionfish" or "devil firefish." However, their common names do not match the origins of their scientific names.

The genus name, Pterois, pronounced (tare-oh-eese) is defined in modern dictionaries as simply "lionfish," however the word Pterois comes from the Greek word "pteroeis" meaning “feathered” or “winged” and the Ancient Greek word, "πτερόν" (pteron), meaning "feather" or "wing."

The species name, volitans, pronounced (vole-ee-tahnz), is Latin for “flying” or “hovering” and the present participle of the Latin word "volitō," which means “to fly” or “to hover.”

The species name, miles, pronounced (mee-layz), is Latin for “soldiering” and the present participle of the Latin word "mīlitō," which means “to soldier.”

No one is quite sure where the name "lionfish" really came from but it would be a logical guess that when both pectoral fins are completely extended and fanned out a head-on view of the lionfish might resemble a male lion’s mane. Others have also suggested that it might be a tip of the hat to the lionfish as a ferocious predator.

In areas where lionfish are not native, they may also be known by other names such as butterfly cod, firefish, turkeyfish, dragon fish, zebrafish, pez diablo (Spanish for devil fish), pez león (Spanish for "lion fish"), korall duivel (Dutch for "coral devil"), peixe-le�o (Portuguese for “lion fish”)�and poisson lion (French for "lion fish").


2. What are the fleshy tentacles above the eyes and below the mouths on young lionfish? What happens to them as they grow older?

Lionfish have "wigglers" and fleshy nobs over its eyes and under its mouth when they are young. Smaller prey fish are lured to these tassels. When the fish attempt to take the bait, the lionfish is able to swallow them in a lightning fast strike; the hunter becomes the prey! As the lionfish grows older they no longer need these lures as they gain hunting experience. The nobs may eventually�be nibbled down to nothing or they can get knocked off as the lionfish moves around its habitat.

3. How deep have invasive lionfish been found?

Lionfish have been visually confirmed at a depth of 1000 feet (305 meters) near Lyford Cay, Bahamas.

4. How long can a lionfish survive without eating?

When food is scarce, a lionfish’s metabolism can essentially crawl to a stop; Lad Akins, Director of Special Projects at REEF, said in one presentation not long ago that studies have shown that lionfish can live without food for up to 3 months and only lose 10% of their body mass.

It doesn’t look like we’re going to be able to starve them to death…

On the other hand, a different observation by James Morris, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s pre-eminent scientist studying the invasion of lionfish into U.S. coastal waters, uncovered evidence that lionfish might be quite literally eating themselves to death. Obese lionfish are being found with internal organs completed encased in fat. In fact, these lionfish are so fat that they are suffering from liver damage!

Obese Lionfish Source: Slate

5. Are lionfish invasive in other parts of the world other than in the Western Atlantic Basin?

Yes. Lionfish, mostly Pterois miles, are being sighted in the Mediterranean Sea now. They appear to have either transited the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, where lionfish are considered a native species, or private aquarium releases are contributing to their establishment of a new non-native habitat.

Source: Green Prophet

6. Can the invasive lionfish live in fresh water?

No, not exactly. However, in Florida, they are increasingly being found in brackish, esturine environments over 4 miles inland away from the ocean where water salinity is approximately only 8 parts per thousand compared to an ocean average of 33 parts per thousand.

That’s not quite fresh water but it is scary close!

Source: The Abaco Scientist


7. Is eating lionfish healthy?

Yes, in fact eating lionfish is healthier than eating snapper or grouper because lionfish have higher concentration of heart healthy omega-3 fatty acids, scoring above snapper and grouper as well as tilapia, Bluefin tuna, mahi mahi, wahoo and other table-fish commonly served in restaurants. Lionfish are also very low in heavy metals like mercury and lead!

Nutrition Information Source: BIOFLUX
Heavy Metals Source: Science Direct

For more interesting facts about invasive lionfish, be sure to check out our Frequently Asked Questions About Lionfish page!

Source


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We're not going to be able to eat them to death either but every little bit helps.


A fish and a bird can fall in love, but where will they build their nest?

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Belize targets international fish markets to protect coral reefs from an uninvited visitor

Along Belize's world heritage site-listed barrier reef, coastal communities are making waves in fight against a rapacious predator.

At 11am on Tuesday, 2 July, the first box of filleted invasive lionfish left Belize international airport bound for Minneapolis, Minnesota.

lionfishIts contents: 5.2 kg of the invasive lionfish, Pterois volitans, a species that poses one of the greatest threats to the sustainability of coral reefs and fisheries throughout the Caribbean region.

First released accidentally into the Caribbean near Florida by aquarists in the 1980s, the predatory fish from the Indo-Pacific has no natural predators in the Atlantic, and an exploding population is steadily eating its way across the entire Caribbean Sea. From the Bahamas to Barbados, coral reefs - and the traditional fisheries they support - are now under siege from this unforeseen threat.

(Above) A lionfish's stomach contents, including a juvenile blue tang, a species protected from fishing on account of its ecological importance to Belize's reefs:  as a herbivore, it prevents corals from becoming smothered by algae. Picture © Blue Ventures

While complete eradication of this destructive fish is now impossible, consistent, high-volume removal efforts may halt population growth, diminishing the devastating threat the species poses to native fish populations. 

lionfish1On Belize's World Heritage listed Barrier Reef Reserve System, efforts are now underway to do just that. Conservationists and communities are working together to confront the lion in its den, by cultivating a new international export market for this surprisingly delicious fish; a prospect that Blue Ventures has been exploring within the domestic and international spheres since 2012. 

"This market-based approach to the lionfish challenge has the potential to be replicated across the entire Caribbean region", says Jennifer Chapman, Belize Country Coordinator for Blue Ventures "It represents a scalable solution to the problems lionfish pose to both reefs and fisheries."

The development of a market for lionfish has been heralded as the most feasible and practical fisheries management solution, providing much-needed systematic reduction of lionfish in Belizean waters, whilst diversifying fisheries and reducing the pressure on already overexploited native stocks.

(Above) Lionfish can be speared or captured using traditional lobster hooks. Without a Fisheries 'Lionfish Licence', it is illegal to spearfish within protected areas or on SCUBA. Picture © Gordon Kirkwood

Thanks to efforts by the Placencia Producers' Cooperative Society Ltd and US sustainable seafood distributor, Traditional Fisheries, facilitated and supported by Blue Ventures, the Placencia Cooperative's new processing facility was awarded US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) certification on June 26th 2013.

LionFish Facilty 093"We're very excited about taking the first shipment here out of Belize� Right now the majority of our clients are high-end restaurants in New York City, Las Vegas, Chicago and Houston." said David Johnson, CEO of Traditional Fisheries, "We'd love to the local demand for lionfish grow and really make a difference in the Caribbean."

(Left) Left to right:Justino Mendez, Operations Manager, Placencia Cooperative, Jennifer Chapman, Blue Ventures Belize Coordinator, David Johnson, CEO, Traditional Fisheries, in front of Belize's first lionfish facility. Picture © Justino Mendez

With this certification the Placencia Cooperative facility becomes the first of its kind to process lionfish in Belize, and on its inaugural day in operation, 599 invasive lionfish were prepared both as fillets and whole fish, including the first shipment to the United States, to sell to the clients of Traditional Fisheries.
lionfish2

"Lionfish is not only a business for Placencia and [the cooperative's] members", said Justino Mendez of the Placencia Producers' Cooperative Society Ltd, "it is the business of the entire country; from Sarteneja all the way to Punta Gorda."

The cooperative's new facility is now entering a quality-assurance period, during which time the export volume is forecast to grow substantially. Blue Ventures is continuing to provide safe-handling training to fishers and processing plant staff. Plans to expand the local market include convening several outreach, education and taster events throughout Belize in coming months.

(Above) The first batch of lionfish processed in the Placencia Cooperatives' facility. Picture © Lee Mcloughlin 



Notes for editors:

Blue Ventures is an award-winning marine conservation organisation that works with local communities to conserve threatened marine and coastal environments, both protecting biodiversity and alleviating poverty. If you want to find out more about our work in Belize please contact Jennifer Chapman.

Placencia Producers' Cooperative Society Limited (PPCSL), Belize, works to provide support for a sustainable and secure future for younger generations and local communities. Blue Ventures works with the PPCSL to establish and grow local and export markets for lionfish.

Traditional Fisheries is the only commercial supplier of lionfish in the world. They have been a key player in the development of Belizean export markets, providing advice, assistance and guidance at every stage of market development and facility preparation.

Source


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Belize Fights Back Against an Uninvited Guest

On Tuesday July 2 at 11am, a very special box left Belize on its way to the U.S. Its contents? Eleven and a half pounds of filleted lionfish (Pterois volitans), a species that poses one of the greatest threats to the sustainability of coral reefs and fisheries throughout the Caribbean.

Lionfish, an insatiable predator native to the Indian and Pacific oceans, was accidentally introduced to the western Atlantic near Florida in the 1980s. This voracious fish has been devouring its way through much of the region's marine biodiversity ever since, wreaking ecological havoc across Caribbean reefs from Panama to Puerto Rico.

With each lionfish capable of gulping down fish half its size, the unsuspecting Caribbean prey have never encountered a fish that hunts quite like it, and stand little chance in the face of their new predator's impressive bulk and menacing venomous spines. �The diverse Caribbean menu on offer has enabled the lionfish to develop a varied palate in its adopted home, gorging itself on invertebrates and reef fish alike.


Lionfish can be speared or captured using traditional lobster hooks. Without a Fisheries 'Lionfish License', it is illegal to spearfish within protected areas or on SCUBA.

Alongside its all-you-can-eat banquet, an absence of known predators in the Atlantic creates ideal breeding conditions for lionfish, with the animals reproducing at faster rates than in their native Indo-Pacific waters. This, coupled with the remarkable fecundity of female lionfish-producing up to two million eggs each year-means populations are exploding unchecked.

Five years after its first sighting in Belizean waters in 2008, lionfish are now decimating marine life along the length of the world heritage-listed Belize barrier reef. �Beyond upsetting the ecology of this global biodiversity hotspot, the lionfish invasion now stands to undermine two of Belize's most important industries: fishing and tourism.

Earning this small Caribbean nation around US $250 million each year, tourism accounts for almost one fifth of GDP, with many of the country's 800,000 annual visitors drawn by an underwater wonderland that is now imperiled by the lionfish.� And with Belize's fishing sector worth a further US $27 million and employing 1% of the population, the loss of commercially important marine species to this unwelcome visitor threatens the traditional fishing livelihoods that are the lifeblood of the country's coastal communities.

The Best Defense Is a Good Offense

But hope for Caribbean reefs is not yet lost.� While the lionfish is now so well established that complete eradication is impractical, large-scale removal of lionfish could help to slow or even halt its rapid population growth.

But how to go about this seemingly impossible task? In Belizean waters efforts are now underway to confront the lion in its lair.� The lionfish has a taste not unlike perennial favorites grouper and cod, with a delicate flavor and flaky texture.� Yet fishermen have yet to catch up with this exciting new market opportunity, often remaining wary of targeting a fish armed with rows of syringe-sharp toxic spines.

Across Belize, conservationists are now working with communities to teach fishermen lionfish handling and processing techniques, in doing so cultivating new domestic and international markets for this surprisingly delicious fish.


The first batch of lionfish processed in the Placencia Cooperative’s facility.

"The common belief among the fishers in Belize was that the sting of a lionfish was fatal" says Jen Chapman, Conservation Coordinator for Blue Ventures Belize." But when we started running handling demonstrations and the fishers saw me handling the lionfish without fear it became a matter of pride."

Developing a market for the tasty invader is the most practical management solution, creating economic incentives for the regular removal of lionfish from Belize's reefs. It also offers an alternative target species for the Belizean fishing industry, which is dominated by conch and lobster; both of which are showing signs of decline. Growth in the number of fishers has increased competition for stocks within Belize's strict quota system, resulting in the early closure of the conch fishing season two years running.� When the fishery is closed, fishing communities lose their main livelihood, buoying concerns over illegal fishing.

A Market for New Opportunities

Along Belize's sleepy mangrove-fringed northern coast lies the remote village of Sarteneja, the largest fishing community in the country. Here, fishermen carve their wooden sailing boats by hand.� They use these vessels for week-long sailing trips throughout Belize's waters. With four fifths of households dependent for income on free diving for conch and lobster, this village feels the impacts of dwindling stocks first, and deepest.

"When the conch season closes early, it affects us. We can't work, and have to try and find work elsewhere- sometimes there is none.," says a fisher from Sarteneja who didn't wish to be named. �"Lionfish has advantages- it helps us as we can catch it and sell it, but it is bad for the reef, so it is good if we fish it. Especially when the conch season is closed, we can still work on the sea."


Lionfish stomach contents, including a juvenile blue tang, a species protected from fishing on account of its ecological importance to Belize's reefs: as a herbivore, it prevents corals from becoming smothered by algae.

Meanwhile, at the other end of Belize on the tip of a long, white-sand peninsula and surrounded by Mayan ruins and pristine rainforest, is Placencia; a peaceful village which has been making waves for its environmentally friendly approach to managing marine resources. �The small local fishing cooperative, which was established in 1962, has been building a global reputation for its sustainable fishing efforts and enhancing local livelihoods. The success of Placencia's seaweed farming project was the catalyst for them to explore other alternative opportunities, and develop a partnership with marine conservation NGO Blue Ventures and U.S. sustainable seafood distributor Traditional Fisheries.

"Lionfish is not only a business for Placencia and [the cooperative's] members", said Justino Mendez of the Placencia Producers' Cooperative Society Ltd. "It is a business for the entire country; from Sarteneja all the way to Punta Gorda."

The first fishing cooperative in the country to make such a bold move, Placencia now purchases lionfish harvested by local and Sartenejan fishers alike, with fish being processed in a locally-owned and managed facility. This facility, the first in Belize capable of processing lionfish, received certification from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in late June, authorizing export to the United States.

When Placencia's first shipment of lionfish took off from Belize's Philip S.W. Goldson International Airport bound for Minneapolis, the cooperative took a bold new step in paving the way for a Belizean lionfish fishery, setting an example for communities throughout Belize wanting to join the country's war on the lionfish.� �Already other communities are following Placencia's lead, promoting lionfish as a sustainable and delicious alternative to native reef species.

"We're very excited about taking the first shipment here out of Belize� Right now the majority of our clients are high-end restaurants in New York City, Las Vegas, Chicago and Houston" said David Johnson, CEO of Traditional Fisheries. "We'd love to see lionfish become a common fish to eat and really make a difference in the Caribbean."

There is a long way to go in the fight against the lionfish, but by swimming with the current of market-based incentives, Blue Ventures is hopeful that fishing could provide a lifeline to Belize's reefs – promoting economic growth and safeguarding ecological resilience.

SOURCE


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Why we are catching lionfish with ReefCI!

by Trina Hazell

Removed lionfish

The Lionfish are not indigenous to the Caribbean sea.� They are new to the sea and have no predators.� As a consequence they are able to roam the reefs of the sea, effectively eating their way through the juvenile fish stocks of the reef and as a consequence the reefs become unhealthy as they cannot progress their normal detoxification and living cycles, without a balanced population of fish and associated life.

So when the Reef CI team are out there catching Lionfish they return to base and do a dissection survey, record the results and provide the data to marine biologists so allowing work to continue to try to track the status of Lionfish populations and see if there is someway in which work can be done to restrict the population explosion.

Nothing is wasted in the dissection survey.

The meat is taken as fillets for selling to local traders to sell in the local restaurants in PG.

The venomous spines are culled and once dried and baked so making them safe they are taken to a local women’s craft co-operative who are working out how to make jewellery using the spines.

The aim is to try to derive a value chain for the fish and so prompt local fishing market and value chain in an effort to reduce the effect of the fish on the reef or the indigenous species will collapse.


Ruby, Tracy, and Abby Preparing our Dissection Survey “production line”

Ruby took down the results, Tracy dissected, and Abby photographed each of our fishy subjects.


Me measuring the Lionfish nose to end of tail, and body length

Tracy dissecting as chief biologist and this was to determine the gender

Tracy was able to determine that this Lionfish was female, albeit not mature enough to have fully developed egg sacks.


One of two fully developed egg sacks in a female lionfish (up to 10,000 eggs per release)

Stomach Contents were predominantly juvenile fish and in this case crabs

Libby cutting the tail and dorsal fin spines for use in local jewellery craft manufacture

All in all 20 fish out of the 24 fish haul were surveyed and the results tabulated and recorded in a master spread sheet for use by local fishery scientists.

To follow the rest of Trina’s adventures you can find her blog HERE


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War on lionfish shows first promise of success


Richard Agraba hunts lionfish in Salt Cay, Turks and Caicos islands, British West Indies, as one part of local efforts to help reduce lionfish populations on reefs. Credit: Oregon State University

It may take a legion of scuba divers armed with nets and spears, but a new study confirms for the first time that controlling lionfish populations in the western Atlantic Ocean can pave the way for a recovery of native fish.

Even if it's one speared fish at a time, it finally appears that there's a way to fight back.

Scientists at Oregon State University, Simon Fraser University and other institutions have shown in both computer models and 18 months of field tests on reefs that reducing lionfish numbers by specified amounts - at the sites they studied, between 75-95 percent - will allow a rapid recovery of native fish biomass in the treatment area, and to some extent may aid larger ecosystem recovery as well.

It's some of the first good news in a struggle that has at times appeared almost hopeless, as this voracious, invasive species has wiped out 95 percent of native fish in some Atlantic locations.

"This is excellent news," said Stephanie Green, a marine ecologist in the College of Science at Oregon State University, and lead author on the report just published in Ecological Applications. "It shows that by creating safe havens, small pockets of reef where lionfish numbers are kept low, we can help native species recover.

"And we don't have to catch every lionfish to do it."

That's good, researchers say, because the rapid spread of lionfish in the Atlantic makes eradication virtually impossible. They've also been found thriving in deep water locations which are difficult to access.


This is a lionfish near a sunken ship in the Caribbean Sea. Credit: Oregon State University

Some of the fish that recovered, such as Nassau grouper and yellowtail snapper, are critically important to local economies. And larger adults can then spread throughout the reef system - although the amount of system recovery that would take place outside of treated areas is a subject that needs additional research, they said.

Where no intervention was made, native species continued to decline and disappear.

The lionfish invasion in the Atlantic, believed to have begun in the 1980s, now covers an area larger than the entirety of the United States. With venomous spines, no natural predators in the Atlantic Ocean, and aggressive behavior, the lionfish have been shown to eat almost anything smaller than they are - fish, shrimp, crabs and octopus. Lionfish can also withstand starvation for protracted periods - many of their prey species will disappear before they do.

Governments, industry and conservation groups across this region are already trying to cull lionfish from their waters, and encourage their use as a food fish. Some removal efforts have concentrated on popular dive sites.


The scientists said in their report that the model used in this research should work equally well in various types of marine habitat, including mangroves, temperate hard-bottom systems, estuaries and seagrass beds.

A major issue to be considered, however, is where to allocate future removal efforts. Marine reserves, which often allow "no take" of any marine life in an effort to recover fish populations, may need to be the focus of lionfish removal. The traditional, hands-off concept in such areas may succeed only in wiping out native species while allowing the invasive species to grow unchecked.

Keeping lionfish numbers low in areas that are hot spots for juvenile fish, like mangroves and shallow reefs, is also crucial, the report said.

This research was done in collaboration with scientists at Simon Fraser University, the Reef Environmental Education Foundation, and the Cape Eleuthera Institute. It has been supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Boston Foundation and a David H. Smith Conservation Research Fellowship.

"Many invasions such as lionfish are occurring at a speed and magnitude that outstrips the resources available to contain and eliminate them," the researchers wrote in their conclusion. "Our study is the first to demonstrate that for such invasions, complete extirpation is not necessary to minimize negative ecological changes within priority habitats."

Source


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