The genesis of the Section 53 challenge: Part 1
Caleb Orozco’s constitutional challenge against Section 53 of Belize’s Criminal Code represents a landmark ruling for Belize—but it is also an example of “strategic litigation,” designed to achieve broader aims across the wider Caribbean.
According to Tracy Robinson, a Jamaican attorney, almost a decade ago, she worked with a doctoral degree student to conduct a desk review to find “whether there was a reasonable case to be made before a constitutional court regarding the laws criminalizing ‘same sex’ sex.”
Robinson, who once chaired the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, an organ of the Organization of American States, said that Belize was chosen because it was the optimal country to bring the case.
“No other country has the constellation of factors, in law, which come together to make Belize the ideal location…” she said, in a video conference briefing held in July 2016, leading up to the ruling by Belize Justice Kenneth Benjamin on August 10.
Robinson is the co-founder of the University of the West Indies – Rights Advocacy Project (U-RAP), which has launched challenges to laws in Belize and Guyana through LGBT nationals in those countries.
Robinson reviewed the timeline of the Orozco case, dating back to the desk review of 2007.
She said that in 2008, UWI teachers, an LGBT rep and a Belizean lawyer participated in a regional assessment, which looked at the desk review.
“There was a strong sense from that report that Belize was most favorable environment on paper to litigate,” Robinson said.
Then in 2009, U-RAP, the agency which supported the challenge to Belize’s Section 53 and which is supporting the challenge to Guyana’s cross-dressing laws, was formalized by an academic board at Cave Hill, Barbados. The group wanted to look at constitutional litigation in the English- speaking Caribbean, in challenging laws which they contend undermine the human dignity and human rights of sexual minorities.
According to Robinson, between 2007 and 2009, there was a series of 4 meetings and there were discussions with LGBT civil society about the possibility of litigation.
Some of those discussions, she said, included Caleb Orozco, and within the context of those discussions there were discussions with Orozco about the possibility of a case in Belize.
According to Robinson, in 2010, a human rights lawyer conducted an independent assessment of the socio-political environment in Belize. U-RAP led three visits to Belize and meetings ensued with parties such as the larger LGBT community, lawyers, academics, persons involved in HIV work, “some people close to the Government,” and other human rights groups, she detailed.
Following these Belize visits, in July 2010, the Orozco case was launched in the Belize Supreme Court.
Robinson explained that she was providing a matrix of how U-RAP made an assessment of whether litigation in Belize made sense. They considered whether the Belize Government would undo “positive litigation and positive outcomes by instituting constitutional reforms…”
“You don’t want to litigate somewhere where they are going to use constitutional reforms to undo [the efforts]… so you want there to be strong support for litigation,” Robinson explained.
They also considered the position and attitude of the church, she said.
In detailing the history of the case, she noted that the Commonwealth Lawyers Association, The Human Dignity Trust, and The International Commission of Jurists first joined as interested parties in support of Orozco, which, she said, led to anxiety that the case was not being led by Caribbean parties but by outsiders. Subsequently, the three sets of churches—the Anglicans, Catholics and Evangelicals—also joined. Supreme Court Justice Michelle Arana knocked out UNIBAM as a claimant and so the organization was added as the 7th interested party in the case.
In the 2012 U-RAP report, “Collateral Damage: The Social Impact of Laws Affecting LGBT Persons in Guyana,” by Christopher Carrico, it is stated that, “Homosexual acts are now legal in 113 countries in the world, but there are some 80 countries where they are still illegal. Eleven (11) of these are former British colonies in the West Indies: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago…”
The New York Times article, “The Lonely Fight Against Belize’s Antigay Laws,” said that, “The legal groups [in the Belize case] invoked the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights in their argument, with the knowledge that should the appeals court rule in Orozco’s favor on that basis, other jurisdictions would find the criminalization of sodomy very hard to justify.”
The question now is, whether the case will eventually make its way to the nation’s highest appellate court—the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), which hopes to expand its appellate jurisdiction across the Caribbean.
Robinson said, “…there is going to be an appeal almost certainly.” She is of the view that the interested parties may have a right to appeal the case as well, based on new developments in Caribbean constitutional law. An appeal would first have to go to the Court of Appeal before the CCJ.
BROWSE The OROZCO RULING
The genesis of the Section 53 challenge: Part 2
Buggery or anal intercourse between males is only aone of severl sexual acts which are deemed a violation of the sacred books of the three dominant world religions—Christianity, Islam and Judaism. For example, the Torah or the Books of Moses contain commandments against bestiality, incest and rape, and the Laws of Belize criminalize these acts as well. The violations spelt out in the aforementioned sacred books are called “ecclesiastical crimes;” and they made their way onto civil law books in many countries across the world—not just in Belize.
Leviticus 20:13 says: ‘And a man who lies with a male as he lies with a woman: both of them have done an abomination, they shall certainly be put to death, their blood is upon them.” (The Scriptures, 1998 version)
Notably, even European jurisdictions once meted out sentences of death by burning upon homosexuals; but today, those countries have legalized and even liberalized homosexuality.
In Greek and Roman mythology, even certain gods were deemed to have homosexual desires and relationships, primary among them being Zeus or Jupiter, who, despite being portrayed as a womanizer, was also said to be enamored with a young mortal man, Ganymede, whom he supposedly turned into an eagle and abducted to serve as his cupbearer.
Likewise, same-sex relations have existed in ancient cultures, and Nero (37 to 68 AD), infamous for his persecution of Christians, whose “ecclesiastical law” he had rejected, was said to have been the first Roman Emperor to engage in same-sex marriage, twice. He is said to have acted as husband to a young boy, Sporus (whom the emperor allegedly had castrated), and as bride to Phytagoras (for whom he cross-dressed at a public wedding ceremony). This is a glimpse of the ancient backdrop against which there is a new global lobby for state-recognized same-sex marriages.
Although same-sex marriages are not legally sanctioned in Belize—at least not yet—the criminalization of homosexuality has recently been overturned.
Up until August 10, 2016—when Belize’s Chief Justice Kenneth Benjamin ruled that Section 53 of Belize’s Criminal Code which criminalizes all “unnatural” sex acts is unconstitutional—Belize was one of the remaining 80 or so countries where homosexuality was deemed illegal, although Belize had not been in the practice of enforcing the law against homosexuals, except in the case of rape or anal penetration of minors.
“These crimes all started as ecclesiastical crimes, which moved to the civil domain,” said Tracy Robinson, the co-founder of the University of the West Indies – Rights Advocacy Project (U-RAP), which had launched challenges to laws in Belize against sodomy and in Guyana against cross-dressing, through LGBT claimants in those countries.
Robinson was speaking at a recent video conference briefing in July, explaining the background to the challenge brought by Caleb Orozco, a Belizean homosexual, to Belize’s sodomy law in July 2010.
Homosexuality is notably criminalized in several Caribbean jurisdictions, and Robinson said that she had led a desk review back in 2007, which revealed that Belize was the best place in the Caribbean to bring such a legal challenge.
Orozco told the media in June 2016, according to an interview published online by Love News, that, “Some work has been done behind the scenes and that started prior to filing the legal documents in Santo Domingo, where we talked about finding the two best countries in the Caribbean to file this court case—which were Guyana and Belize.
“What happened is that Belize ended up getting the challenge to its sodomy law while Guyana ended up with a case around cross dressing.”
According to U-RAP, the Guyana case is expected to go to full hearing in that country’s appeals court in October 2016.
The four applicants—Quincy McEwan, Seon Clarke, Joseph Fraser and Seyon Persaud—were arrested, convicted and fined in February 2009 under section 153 (1) (xlvii) for “being a man, and in any public way or public place, for any improper purpose, appearing in female attire,” U-RAP detailed. The law is found under a section which deals with ‘Offences Against Religion, Morality and Public Convenience’.
The Guyana claimants are also working along with the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD) and Guyana Trans United (GTU).
The Guyana law is another instance where the civil law reflects ecclesiastical law. Deuteronomy 22:5 says: “A woman does not wear that which pertains to a man, nor does a man put on a woman’s garment, for whoever does this is an abomination to YHUH your Elohim.” (The Scriptures, 1998 version)
Robinson noted that whereas older Caribbean laws did not specifically speak against lesbian relations, laws began to emerge in the 80s indicating that same-sex acts between women are explicitly criminalized. She said that the Belize case, which challenges a clause which covers “unnatural sex” regardless of gender, also has important implications for women.
In reviewing the possible outcomes of the Belize case ahead of the Chief Justice’s ruling, she noted that since the Orozco case was heard in May 2013, India’s appellate court had in November 2013 overturned its earlier ruling of 2009, on which the parties supporting Orozco “widely relied.”
In a ruling similar to Benjamin’s ruling, the Delhi High Court had held in a challenge brought by the Naz Foundation, that treating consensual homosexual sex between adults as a crime is a violation of fundamental rights protected by India’s Constitution.
However, the ruling was later challenged in the Supreme Court of India, which ruled in November 2013, after the Orozco hearing was concluded, that homosexuality or unnatural sex even between two consenting adults (under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code) would continue to be an offence, as the provision is not unconstitutional.
She noted that Benjamin’s decision to deliver his decision was timed immediately after the Caribbean Court of Justice issued its ruling on the challenge filed by LGBT activist and attorney, Maurice Tomlinson of Jamaica, to the Immigration laws of Belize, and Trinidad and Tobago, dismissing his case.
Both the CCJ ruling and the Naz Foundation ruling, reversing the lower court’s decision legalizing homosexuality, might have had an impact on what the Chief Justice said, Robinson surmised.
Evidently, those decisions by the CCJ and Indian court did not sway Benjamin from finding in Orozco’s favor. Robinson expects an appeal.
Orozco claimed violations of his human rights to dignity and privacy, but Robinson explained that, “The Constitution of Belize specifically talks about public morality as a legitimate reason for limiting fundamental rights…”
She expressed the view that the interested parties in the Orozco case, which include the churches, may have a right to appeal as well, based on new developments in Caribbean Constitutional law.
Robinson said that this is only a Supreme Court decision, and the precedential value of the case for other Caribbean countries with buggery laws would increase if the matter is appealed and finally ventilated at the CCJ, the regional court to whose jurisdiction she said a growing number of countries are acceding.
She said that, “Even if [the Orozco ruling] has limited precedential value, it could also provide an impetus for law reform, for international action, for changing the mood and the spirit of conversations, about the human rights of LGBT persons…”
In related news, Maurice Tomlinson also filed a lawsuit challenging Jamaica’s buggery legislation last December, but the trial is pending.
Tomlinson told The Gleaner newspaper, according to an online article dated August 11, 2016, that, “I am more hopeful now, because all of the rights which the judge in Belize ruled were violated under their Constitution, are the same rights which I am alleging are violated under our Constitution, by our anti-sodomy law.”
In a statement released on Monday, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, of which Robinson formerly served as chair, hailed the decision by the Barrow administration not to appeal Benjamin’s ruling.
The Commission said that in its report titled, “Violence against LGBTI people in America,” it had “highlighted the inconsistency of laws that criminalize consensual sex between same-sex persons with the principles of equality and non-discrimination.”
The Commission, which is an agency of the Organization of American States (OAS), is calling on the Caribbean to put in place a moratorium on enforcing laws against same-sex relations.
The Commission said that it is asking “…other States in the region that have existing laws that criminalize consensual sex between adults of the same-sex, to repeal these laws, and, meanwhile, to impose an explicit and formal moratorium on their application.”
Meanwhile, the most visible groups in Belize’s Christian community, which was said to account for 71% of Belize’s population in the 2010 census, are collectively adamant that laws against homosexuality should remain on the law books, and they rallied roughly 1,000 for a prayer patrol at the seat of Government in Belmopan on Tuesday to make their position known.
They are also discussing a proposal for the churches to seek an appeal of Benjamin’s decision, for which they have a 21-day window period from the release of his decision.
Amandala
AmbergrisCaye.com 
