Chapter 11 - Conservation

The previous eleven chapters have centered around the tackle, tools and techniques of our trade. In this final chapter I'd like to express my concerns about the future for quality fly fishing in Belize, and ways in which we can help to work toward a favorable outcome. Twenty five to fifty years ago many saltwater anglers would scoff at proposed conservation measures, claiming that the oceans contain a limitless source of fish for food or sport. Now, dozens of species are threatened with extinction and many more are experiencing serious population declines.

The reasons for these declines are essentially three-fold; habitat destruction, pollution and over-harvesting. Let's discuss each of these factors in some detail, as they specifically relate to Belize.

Our shoreline is changing markedly and rapidly, as we attempt to accommodate the interests of residents and visitors alike. We renourish our beaches to provide more space for recreation, at the same time changing the nearshore bottom topography and altering tidal flow channels in as yet unknown ways. We dredge shallow passes to enable the travel of larger and larger boats, loading the tidal flow with silt which blankets the lower life forms. We remove mangrove shoreline and replace it with concrete seawalls, thus denying dozens of fish and crustacean species the protection and food that they need for survival. We construct canals to increase the number and value of homesites, at the same time denying natural sheet flow from the soil to the gulf which cleanses the water and establishes the critical salinity gradient needed by most backwater life forms. We race our boats and jet skis across fragile flats, destroying the grassy cover needed by many species. Figuratively speaking, we fly fishers are "chained" to the backwater/nearshore environment and thus we see this habitat destruction ( and its effect on fish populations) up close and personal. The offshore fisherman sees the population decline later because most offshore species rely on the backwater "nursery" for food and/or specie propagation.

Inshore, similar ecological disruption is taking place in the name of progress. Our ground area is being paved, highways and roads are damming natural sheet flow, low areas are being filled, dams and weirs are creating artificial inland flow patterns and exotic trees are sucking the water away from thirsty native species. All of these actions are disturbing the natural path of rainwater from air to ground to swamp and to estuary. Instead, the rainwater runs off rapidly into canals and creeks and then floods the estuaries with an abnormal percent of fresh water. Or, the water is lost through irrigation, consumption and evaporation. These rather subtle changes are taking place all the time; the general public is not aware of it and none of us know the eventual implications.

Over-harvesting is another factor which is threatening our fish populations. This photograph was taken several years ago, but we all see similar evidence of the so-called prowess of our fishing skills. We can't keep it up and expect our fishing to be good in the future.

Realistically, I expect that I'll enjoy quality fly fishing in Belize for the remainder of my lifetime. I'm concerned however for my children and grandchildren and their ability to enjoy the treasures of our area. In spite of my concerns stated above, I'm not an environmental extremist or "tree-hugger". I believe that we can stem this tide by dialogue, compromise and actions if a long-range plan can be first drafted that is acceptable to a majority of our county voters. Local, county and State governments must treat this with a sense of urgency, or the reasons why we're all here will be history. Without a publicly-supported, comprehensive long-range plan we will continue to shout about issues with no basis for common ground.

As citizens, it is up to us to elect local governments which will evolve and implement such a plan and to participate in government through hearings, advisory committees and elective office. Beyond that however there's much more to do. First, we can be pro-active in questioning new development ventures and insisting that the health of the environment, especially the water, be properly considered. Stand up and speak out about bad development practices, pollution sources, illegal netting and sportfishing, etc. Only if enough of us raise our voices will the trend be reversed.

For those of us who fish, we can directly affect fish conservation by limiting the number of fish we kill. Many of us practice catch-and-release most if not all of the time. If you do catch fish for the table, do so legally and don't kill any more fish than can be consumed by your family in the next day or two. When releasing fish, handle them as little as possible, to ensure that they will survive the experience. Using barbless hooks greatly facilitates the release. Fly fishers that use forceps to grasp the fly while the fish is still in the water can often release the fish without touching it. If the fish exhibits some degree of distress, hold it level in the water and move it back and forth to force water through its gills. If it revives, it will swim away on its own. Finally, try to avoid handling the fish with dry hands; this disturbs the layer of mucus that covers the fish to protect it from fungus diseases.

If we can all do our share to conserve and preserve our precious resources, future generations of residents and visitors (including fly fishers) will thank us for our stewardship.